Acknowledgments 
 
The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2nd edition, was prepared 
under the supervision of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 
which is solely responsible for its recommendations and whose 
members are listed on the preceding page. Staff of the Task Force 
were based at and provided support by the Office of Disease 
Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health and 
Human Services. Support from the American College of Preventive 
Medicine and the Association of Teachers of Preventive Medicine for 
Task Force activities and staff is gratefully acknowledged. 

Appreciation is expressed to the members of the Canadian Task Force 
on the Periodic Health Examination (Richard Goldbloom, M.D., Chair), 
to their staff (Jennifer Dingle, M.B.A. and Patricia Randel, M.Sc.) and 
to Wm. Phillip Mickelson, M.D., M.A., liaison from Health Canada to 
the Canadian Task Force, for their collaboration, manuscript reviews, 
and support. 

In addition to the numerous reviewers identified in Appendix B, 
appreciation is also expressed to the following individuals: 
 
Specialty Society Liaisons to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 
 
Edgar O. Ledbetter, M.D. 
American Academy of Pediatrics 
Elk Grove Village, IL 
 
Shirley A. Shelton 
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 
Washington, DC 
 
Linda Johnson White 
American College of Physicians 
Philadelphia, PA  
 
Herbert F. Young, M.D. 
American Academy of Family Physicians 
Kansas City, MO 
 
Current and Former Public Health Service Liaisons to the U.S. 
Preventive Services  
Task Force 
 
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Rockville, MD 
Christine Crofton, Ph.D. 
Barbara Fleming, M.D., Ph.D. 
Stephen H. King, M.D. 
David Lanier, M.D. 
 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 
Alan Hinman, M.D., M.P.H. 
Dixie E. Snyder, M.D., M.P.H. 
William R. Taylor, M.D. 
Steven Teutsch, M.D., M.P.H. 
 
Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 
Freddie Ann Hoffman, M.D. 
Peter H. Rheinstein, M.D., J.D., M.S. 
 
Health Resources and Services Administration, Rockville, MD 
Colleen Kivlahan, M.D., M.S.P.H. 
William A. Robinson, M.D., M.P.H. 
David B. Snyder, R.Ph., D.D.S. 
 
Indian Health Service, Rockville, MD 
Craig Vanderwagen, M.D. 
 
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 
William R. Harlan, M.D. 
John T. Kalberer, Jr., Ph.D. 
 
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 
Rockville, MD 
Mary A. Jansen, Ph.D. 
Elaine M. Johnson, Ph.D. 
Frank J. Sullivan, Ph.D. 
 
Senior Advisors, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 
E. Harvey Estes, Jr., M.D. 
North Carolina Medical Society Foundation, Inc. 
Raleigh, NC 
 
Jonathan E. Fielding, M.D., M.P.H. 
UCLA Schools of Public Health and Medicine 
Santa Monica, CA 
 
Harvey V. Fineberg, M.D., Ph.D. 
Harvard School of Public Health 
Boston, MA 
 
Gary D. Friedman, M.D., M.S. 
Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program 
Oakland, CA 
 
Lawrence W. Green, Dr.P.H. 
University of British Columbia 
Vancouver, British Columbia 
 
John C. Greene, D.M.D., M.P.H. (ret.) 
University of California at San Francisco School of Dentistry 
San Rafael, CA 
 
George A. Gross, D.O., M.P.H. (ret.) 
Michigan State University 
East Lansing, MI 
 
M. Alfred Haynes, M.D. 
Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 
 
Thomas E. Kottke, M.D. 
Mayo Clinic 
Rochester, MN 
 
F. Marc LaForce, M.D. 
University of Rochester 
Rochester, NY 
 
Jack H. Medalie, M.D., M.P.H. 
Case Western Reserve University and  
Mt. Sinai Medical Center 
Cleveland, OH 
 
F. Douglas Scutchfield, M.D. 
San Diego State University 
San Diego, CA 
 
Paul D. Stolley, M.D., M.P.H. 
University of Maryland 
Baltimore, MD 
 
William H. Wiese, M.D., M.P.H. 
University of New Mexico 
Albuquerque, NM 
 
Carolyn A. Williams, Ph.D., R.N., F.A.A.N. 
University of Kentucky 
Lexington, KY 
 
Contributing Authors 
Geoffrey Anderson, M.D., Ph.D. 
Sunnybrook Health Science Centre 
North York, Ontario 
 
Kathlyne Anderson, M.D., M.O.H. 
Harvard School of Public Health  
Boston, MA 
 
John S. Andrews, M.D., M.P.H. 
The Johns Hopkins University 
Baltimore, MD 
 
Robert Baldwin, M.D. 
University of Maryland at Baltimore 
Baltimore, MD 
 
Renaldo N. Battista, M.D., Sc.D., F.R.C.P.C. 
McGill University 
Montreal, Quebec 
 
Brenda L. Beagan, M.A. 
Dalhousie University 
Halifax, Nova Scotia 
 
Marie-Dominique Beaulieu, M.D., M.Sc., F.C.F.P. 
University of Montreal 
Montreal, Quebec 
 
Michelle Berlin, M.D., M.P.H. 
University of Pennsylvania 
Philadelphia, PA 
 
Dennis Black, Ph.D. 
University of California at San Francisco 
San Francisco, CA 
 
Joseph N. Blustein, M.D., M.S. 
University of Wisconsin at Madison 
Madison, WI 
 
John W. Burress, M.D., M.P.H. 
Harvard School of Public Health 
Boston, MA 
 
Karen J. Carlson, M.D. 
Massachusetts General Hospital 
Boston, MA 
 
David Christiani, M.D., M.P.H. 
Harvard School of Public Health 
Boston, MA 
 
Richard Comi, M.D. 
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center 
Hanover, NH 
 
Deborah L. Craig, M.P.H. 
Health Care Consultant 
Halifax, Nova Scotia 
 
Steven R. Cummings, M.D. 
University of California at San Francisco 
San Francisco, CA 
 
H. Oladele Davies, M.D., M.Sc., F.R.C.P.C. 
University of Calgary 
Calgary, Alberta 
 
Richard A. Deyo, M.D., M.P.H. 
University of Washington 
Seattle, WA 
 
Paul Dick, M.D.C.M., F.R.C.P.C. 
University of Toronto 
Toronto, Ontario 
 
Jennifer Dingle, M.B.A. 
Dalhousie University 
Halifax, Nova Scotia 
 
Dennis L. Disch, M.D. 
Washington University in St. Louis 
St. Louis, MO 
 
James Douketis, M.D. 
McMaster University 
Hamilton, Ontario 
 
Katherine Economy, M.D. 
University of California at San Francisco 
San Francisco, CA 
 
Wayne Elford, M.D., C.C.F.P., F.C.F.P.  
University of Calgary 
Calgary, Alberta  
 
Virginia L. Ernster, Ph.D. 
University of California at San Francisco 
San Francisco, CA 
 
Bruce Ettinger, M.D. 
University of California at San Francisco 
San Francisco, CA 
 
John W. Feightner, M.D., M.Sc., F.C.F.P. 
McMaster University 
Hamilton, Ontario 
 
William Feldman, M.D., F.R.C.P.C. 
Hospital for Sick Children 
Toronto, Ontario 
 
Cary S. Fox, M.S. 
University of California at San Francisco 
San Francisco, CA 
 
Richard Goldbloom, O.C., M.D., F.R.C.P.C. 
Dalhousie University 
Halifax, Nova Scotia 
 
Deborah Grady, M.D., M.P.H. 
University of California at San Francisco 
San Francisco, CA 
 
Cameron Grant, M.B.Ch.B., F.R.A.C.P. 
University of Auckland 
Auckland, New Zealand 
 
Jean L. Haggerty, M.Sc. 
McGill University 
Montreal, Quebec 
 
Amid I. Ismail, B.D.S., M.P.H., Dr.P.H. 
Dalhousie University 
Halifax, Nova Scotia 
 
James G. Kahn, M.D., M.P.H. 
University of California at San Francisco 
San Francisco, CA 
 
Amnon Lahad, M.D., M.P.H. 
University of Washington 
Seattle, WA 
 
John F. Laurenzo, M.D. 
University of Iowa 
Iowa City, IA 
 
Donald W. Lewis, D.D.S., D.D.P.H., M.Sc.D., F.R.C.D.C. 
University of Toronto 
Toronto, Ontario 
 
Alexander G. Logan, M.D., F.R.C.P.C. 
Mount Sinai Hospital  
Toronto, Ontario 
 
Sarvesh Logsetty, M.D. 
Hospital for Sick Children 
Toronto, Ontario 
 
Kate Lorig, R.N., Dr.P.H. 
Stanford University 
Palo Alto, CA 
 
Harriet L. MacMillan, M.D., F.R.C.P.C. 
McMaster University 
Hamilton, Ontario 
 
James H. MacMillan, M.Sc. 
Glaxo Canada, Inc. 
Mississauga, Ontario 
 
Alex Malter, M.D., M.P.H. 
University of Washington 
Seattle, WA 
 
Anne Martell, M.A., C.M.C. 
Martell Consulting Services, Ltd. 
Halifax, Nova Scotia 
 
Susan E. Moner, M.D. 
University of Toronto 
Toronto, Ontario 
 
Brenda J. Morrison, Ph.D. 
University of British Columbia 
Vancouver, British Columbia 
 
Lindsay E. Nicolle, M.D. 
University of Manitoba 
Winnipeg, Manitoba 
 
David R. (Dan) Offord, M.D. 
Chedoke-McMaster Hospitals 
Hamilton, Ontario 
 
Christopher Patterson, M.D., F.R.C.P.C. 
Chedoke-McMaster Hospitals 
Hamilton, Ontario 
 
Diana B. Petitti, M.D., M.P.H. 
Kaiser Permanente 
Los Angeles, CA 
 
M. Carrington Reid, M.D., Ph.D. 
Yale University 
New Haven, CT 
 
Carl Rosati, M.D., F.r.C.S.C. 
North York Branson Hospital 
North York, Ontario 
 
Susan M. Rubin, M.P.H. 
University of California at San Francisco 
San Francisco, CA 
 
Daniel E. Singer, M.D. 
Massachusetts General Hospital 
Boston, MA 
 
Steven J. Skates, Ph.D. 
Massachusetts General Hospital 
Boston, MA 
 
Michael B.H. Smith, M.B., B.Ch., C.C.F.P., F.R.C.P.C. 
Dalhousie University 
Halifax, Nova Scotia 
 
Walter O. Spitzer, M.D., M.P.H. 
McGill University 
Montreal, Quebec 
 
Stephen R. Tabet, M.D., M.P.H. 
University of Washington 
Seattle, Washington 
 
Denise Tonner, M.D. 
University of Iowa 
Iowa City, IA 
 
Elaine Wang, M.D., C.M., M.Sc., F.R.C.P.C. 
Hospital for Sick Children 
Toronto, Ontario 
 
Other Contributors to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 
Hanan S. Bell, Ph.D. 
American Academy of Family Physicians 
Kansas City, MO 
 
David M. Eddy, M.D., Ph.D. 
Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program 
Pasadena, CA 
 
John M. Eisenberg, M.D., M.B.A. 
Georgetown University 
Washington, DC 
 
Charles M. Goldstein 
National Library of Medicine 
Bethesda, MD 
 
Sheldon Greenfield, M.D. 
New England Medical Center 
Boston, MA 
 
Robert S.A. Hayward, M.D., M.P.H. 
McMaster University 
Hamilton, Ontario 
 
David L. Sackett, M.D., M.Sc. 
University of Oxford 
Oxford, England 
 
Stephen Thacker, M.D.  
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 
Atlanta, GA 
 
Staff Members and Others Who Assisted in the Preparation of the 
Guide 
 
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion 
James Harrell, M.A., Deputy Director 
John C. Bailar III, M.D., Ph.D. 
Rachel Ballard-Barbash, M.D., M.P.H. 
David Baker 
Karil Bialostosky, M.S. 
Darla Danford, M.P.H., D.Sc. 
Larry L. Dickey, M.D., M.P.H. 
Martha Frazier 
Walter Glinsmann, M.D. 
Marthe Gold, M.D., M.P.H. 
Patricia Lacey 
Linda Meyers, Ph.D. 
Janice T. Radak 
Marilyn Schulenberg 
Joanna E. Siegel, Sc.D. 
Marilyn G. Stephenson, M.S., R.D. 
Carla Y. Williams 
Jonathan Winickoff, Summer Intern  
 
Preventive Medicine Residents 
Barbara Albert, M.D., M.S.  
University of Maryland 
Baltimore, MD 
 
C. Marlo Baird, M.D., M.P.H.  
The Johns Hopkins University  
Baltimore, MD 
 
Arthur R. Baker, M.D., M.P.H.  
The Johns Hopkins University  
Baltimore, MD 
 
Robert Beardall, M.D., M.P.H.  
The Johns Hopkins University 
Baltimore, MD 
 
Daniel Bleed, M.D., M.P.H.  
The Johns Hopkins University  
Baltimore, MD 
 
Paul Denning, M.D., M.P.H.  
The Johns Hopkins University  
Baltimore, MD  
 
S. Patrick Kachur, M.D., M.P.H. 
The Johns Hopkins University  
Baltimore, MD 
 
Marisa Moore, M.D., M.P.H.  
Mayo Clinic 
Rochester, MN 
 
Ann S. OÕMalley, M.D., M.P.H.  
University of Maryland 
Baltimore, MD 
 
Peter W. Pendergrass, M.D., M.P.H.  
The Johns Hopkins University  
Baltimore, MD 
 
Robert Reid, M.D., M.P.H. 
The Johns Hopkins University  
Baltimore, MD 
 
Donald B. Robinson, M.D., M.P.H. 
The Johns Hopkins University  
Baltimore, MD 
 
Lynda Sisson, M.D., M.P.H.  
Mayo Clinic 
Rochester, MN 
 
Natalie J. Smith, M.D., M.P.H.  
University of California at Berkeley 
Berkeley, CA 
 
Mark S. Smolinski, M.D., M.P.H.  
University of Arizona 
Tucson, AZ 
 
Craig F. Thompson, M.D., M.S.P.H.  
University of Kentucky 
Lexington, KY 
 
Mary Jo Trepka, M.D., M.S.P.H.  
University of Colorado 
Denver, CO 
 
American College of Preventive Medicine 
(Logistical and administrative support) 
Hazel K. Keimowitz, M.A.  
Executive Director 
 
Rebecca Kingsley  
Emily P. Slough 
 
RII (Logistical support) 
Janet E. Meleney, M.A.  
Project Manager 
 
Ola Bamgbase 
Kirsten Moore